yy218970 发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27

美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
===================== 一、法律渊源
中文:
美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。
《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。
《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。
相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。
国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。
English:
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
Title 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).
Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).
International treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.
===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)
中文:
“原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。
不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。
English:
“Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.
Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)
中文:
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。
English:
A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)
中文:
个人作者:作者生前+70 年。
共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。
署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。
English:
Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.
Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.
Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.
===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)
中文:
版权自动产生,无需登记。
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。
在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。
English:
Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
To sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
Online eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.
===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)
中文:
公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。
教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。
English:
Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.
First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.
Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).
===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点
中文:
“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。
反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。
“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。
English:
Safe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.
===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)
中文:
直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。
法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。
刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。
English:
Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.
Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.
Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)
中文:
伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
English:
Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.
Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.
===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议
中文:
仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。
“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。
海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。
English:
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
Merely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.
Deploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.
===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links
中文:
美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/
DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
English:
U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
页: [1]
查看完整版本: 美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)