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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
- b+ |- \2 N2 `/ @. `* O6 R===================== 一、法律渊源
. [0 z/ X. Z0 x* j: m, W中文:
% i. n  @% A! D+ `+ d+ P美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。- q6 N& U5 n$ _. N, N# h" F0 U
《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。
. S  t8 H! x7 i9 A! D& j8 R7 L" Y  P《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。
# u) h- q5 i, X4 ]相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。9 ~, H* N7 f/ J+ n. K
国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。
7 o! ~' n5 A" sEnglish:
2 d+ f" _. W) B, r! X8 oArticle I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).. S1 K# X7 `- G  s5 Y/ @3 r
Title 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).
1 G* `: g0 @: kDigital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).+ }' L) H$ S' b1 a/ m' S
Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).0 A( d6 i8 p1 H3 r7 k( T
International treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.
. O1 P& g' R+ u9 k' X# W- ]===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)% E! @' h1 a! x% r, p: b) F4 @
中文:" c0 p8 V" ]( P  T" W
“原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。
' k7 s$ R9 K( h+ n* l0 s: m5 V 不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。
' t  z  C" z& ]. d1 p: e+ ]( [6 F, nEnglish:
7 C, T* b2 Z7 a$ |) u “Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.  M) D2 h$ }# N7 X: T6 A7 @
Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
$ X1 W! t1 T. o  u* \9 p===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)" G( v: V# y  y; Q
中文:
3 k% N2 J' \9 N/ J版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。
0 u: {" G7 X- ?, A7 DEnglish:
0 h+ _1 O4 h9 R5 aA copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.) s; u% u% A& ?; Q( i8 d
===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)8 j+ R  [8 k5 f8 _
中文:
4 y; W" e# e: |# }' k9 r 个人作者:作者生前+70 年。, z3 C& O6 d  k& J! v
共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。# A: d" z: p6 @
署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
7 b4 J* X6 j5 J) C/ R8 t7 I$ \1 P2 p 版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。, p" r+ }) s1 X/ v$ F) n( G, o. @. ^
English:
0 b' a. |, k1 m, g: ~) ] Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.  i& K, L+ i/ m, C9 _. ?0 _
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.
: Q! ^) t& j, X0 V Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.
" V* S- t& Q# b" c+ _" ~ Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.3 E' I3 V) x9 J
===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)* L1 W6 }: {5 ^5 y; s; N, V
中文:
: `) z9 s& W; H& J/ W版权自动产生,无需登记。4 h' ^* O. J% r) i; T7 D
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。
+ [) Q  v* v9 N0 H3 _% a在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。9 a# h- e& [9 k1 v. H
English:8 w5 b( T1 F8 y9 G2 V# Z/ n; W
Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
2 I( W, Q, {1 K, U, gTo sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.( V/ e4 u3 N+ E: G3 {
Online eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.
4 o3 {* `) A7 l( s===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)
9 z4 ^* e2 B" t2 H中文:" X) w+ o! s8 y# H3 a8 C
公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
+ [6 N2 O) p! b/ m0 M7 u 第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。
* Y$ ?( s0 T, [& g* e 教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。
* j  D; j3 M; d# LEnglish:
0 o; `6 v$ \: H; A% p Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.
( c; Y: e  ?. p, t First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.
3 K( m2 j, T7 e8 n* l Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).0 O  j1 A. ~* {$ v8 m6 K8 Q
===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点
3 k1 m5 Z! E3 ~中文:" m* l$ c; C- A6 J3 r! C
“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。
6 p3 r2 }1 y+ D- Q- k$ t- `反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。- v6 D3 t( o/ [; S3 [* k* [. q
“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。2 A) L' T8 [3 I$ T, o
English:. k4 J# v* o* t7 x) ?
Safe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.4 J* [9 @! |7 x& j
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).9 o8 _% D0 \, i% c  f5 b
§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.2 k8 f$ r6 t# h$ N
===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)
8 ]6 A' k9 a# ^* F中文:
/ V5 {/ t- e3 p. `2 ]& @6 F 直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。
8 H- \5 c' a9 K/ } 法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。
( C9 p6 U+ }" u3 R$ _ 刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。% C1 K& n5 k: Z8 g. q
English:
% |: z8 x6 e* a; H% L( I! @) Y Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.! V2 X" r1 B+ a
Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.
  h) ]4 H% p. X! M, ^) S9 D Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
/ t( O0 P1 z  N# H; @  X+ l===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)
" @, R* P9 B: ~中文:
7 p" M/ O. s! f9 I# ^- c 伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。: o  B4 u/ C2 i2 \
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
" O+ F- ]* a; b# r2 @English:3 U0 C1 S( e& }8 _; e  e5 }
Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.
  `. H5 X: q! Z8 G) h Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.9 p. q# J1 p/ c" [. [
===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议0 M8 U$ F" Y- ^; o. L6 @
中文:2 m9 z( x' [: o" s7 I0 ?
仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。
$ Z1 M/ T3 O8 {( l. e“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。" V5 N, H, G7 x& p- y, t7 F2 s
海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。
' C4 f/ `& ?/ R& yEnglish:  l; s: N  U# e$ v4 X
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
/ I) J1 J8 J" j0 `$ P( u5 B. ^2 M# sMerely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.
* n  O: F! j3 Z) y/ S$ ADeploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.
! T- _2 a; O  d" d===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links% K3 c: j: Y; n5 P
中文:' q6 t' _/ j# m2 g) q) w$ S" b6 H2 l
美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/% `; _7 y1 ]$ l" F4 C+ e; I1 F
DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf" f: f/ V( Z) t; d; j
English:
3 g( U* I5 u: h& G" U' e U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/
7 ?4 D0 ?$ ~" R  M$ a3 ? Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf8 V) v* \# n* V# D$ h# w8 `4 A, r
================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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