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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。/ j" G& T; i7 q  M
===================== 一、法律渊源  P7 n4 m" V1 [  c
中文:
0 Q* Q* S1 B# w- _0 `* p/ |美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。
6 N5 d% R8 ]0 o# G' Z8 d8 W1 `《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。1 }0 s6 r+ X4 C# a
《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。& o1 Y( j8 o- G, s5 @1 {7 o. Y
相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。" X$ F) F+ ?+ p
国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。
' r* ~1 u1 y* `+ v+ SEnglish:- y# ~; y8 `5 K
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
4 f  V* o( O  ]) W' q5 s: lTitle 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).
" r/ |- c! b7 ?0 D$ TDigital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).# r& v8 L7 U1 J; Y4 a' |
Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).
! v- T% q  X: }+ @. [International treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.. P- d- S* Y: i+ u. j( U  A; |$ S
===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)" P4 D9 m; @: N) [/ M4 W' @
中文:
# Q7 _( x5 _9 C# t7 `  F “原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。$ c) [3 h8 Q) _6 K; ^9 Q, G  p
不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。
( ]* ~+ X0 a6 C  H/ sEnglish:
9 o7 }5 l9 d. m6 g “Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.
; X( e) [% u" o6 l2 H, R# @( R Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
- R4 Y# }  L# ]/ W; s$ I===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)
% c* M( m6 j, ~* t6 p* @$ [中文:
# ~1 a* P# p3 G2 b$ R版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。
- w8 u7 \& ?, w3 E( c& C, ^4 FEnglish:+ h1 F3 \4 q- ~. [: r
A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
9 _  i3 `- |, |===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)& w/ K: ?8 ?. ^& [! i
中文:
( `) e: S9 i* b) o/ `* u 个人作者:作者生前+70 年。5 I) g; x( b7 k
共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。
, K( H2 t& j/ n& c, H9 F0 T 署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
1 C1 E+ @0 |/ K. |8 E 版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。
$ |. N3 ~, D9 Y5 r) D* M3 xEnglish:
; w8 b; Y7 H5 { Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.3 d( D: o& w  r. J# d) q
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.
- Z8 p0 j$ o# X, E6 s! E  H Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.
) o/ q, ]# Y1 G$ s' H Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.
$ m- C! C. C( p$ p+ k5 ?===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)# `5 p# r6 w& L% L" d
中文:
9 t4 o) ~8 L) F* l版权自动产生,无需登记。: a/ U; ]3 q" ~. H' h
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。
  c: V- R0 ~. e% c5 l在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。0 ^2 [+ o. ?. r$ o, P
English:5 Y) I+ Z: z8 k  ~8 {- g8 I
Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.1 u$ g: F7 C& N, r
To sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
/ }: |' p; C2 c2 N  x# kOnline eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.
, P6 }) j2 E; ]* l8 ~===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)
% d7 G( |" x# k$ }3 T中文:
; l( h6 E) U- {3 o 公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
( k& C; Z; E5 O# `- ?# u 第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。% f& B7 ?( ^; L! _$ \% S  T
教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。
$ B) r$ t; P7 Q1 }2 rEnglish:4 [2 W) w% v8 H4 J/ Y" p
Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.& |: B. y9 B+ j% b
First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.
' q8 l+ O, W2 H' @ Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).
4 \" i; f3 w% b6 N% L9 [===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点
- q3 @' b& v4 q& M) D1 W中文:
& E- i! {, B; N" _2 ^“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。
7 ?, l' z+ X9 o2 r6 ?反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。
, Z/ a6 C5 ~- y0 N“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。
3 _' ?+ m; ~* o; M) oEnglish:
# _& u$ h* J: {$ lSafe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.% S, ~9 ]3 r  Z5 P/ B; |4 W  j3 i
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
' ]4 e. c' M# w9 e5 L§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.# @, z! E: D# C1 U; ~& q+ L* E
===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)& u1 e$ p8 W7 q6 _/ D: `& C. {" L/ Z; e
中文:3 z0 |+ e# x9 H+ M+ p, X/ F7 a
直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。
' {+ U# Q+ M2 U% W. w 法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。  q1 E1 V6 K7 Y& O* |6 [: V. [
刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。
: N6 j5 n. ?! ~  pEnglish:8 O' S' q* l5 [0 K- C: o4 {+ ^
Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.0 {, p. Y1 r4 |# i8 s
Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.
' U( ?- V) X8 V2 Z; g Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.2 d3 O0 e" G6 M$ D/ c, Z5 t" c7 ]
===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)
  j) s6 z+ @9 Q( b' x& @中文:
$ Y3 P7 _, _+ L8 Z 伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。" A3 L6 v+ r/ I+ ]. `5 X  U
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。# @# I2 r# e( f& G8 q" ^% T2 v
English:
" Y4 ^6 E, {5 G* D8 S+ C  U Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.
* Y: ?+ H. b/ K. {& R! }$ y8 ? Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.
/ S0 l  \2 d5 I* r===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议% N8 Z; }# }( u) \4 `
中文:; Q; p& i  C9 i' P4 K) n& }8 T
仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。% \5 a: J) a3 R+ d! }
“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。
6 k( A' l& c! `7 ^7 t3 }5 v! o' b海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。
) K! {- s& X0 W2 @4 h6 ?( A, oEnglish:
5 P! t  t) O& t' L( rPublication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
5 [1 |" V- J4 k1 T1 A  i8 O: gMerely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.
) ~0 Y0 }8 t  a( m& c# m3 }Deploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement." T. T: c8 f) c6 ~. T
===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links% S$ j* V3 y2 d3 b, B* c1 c
中文:- u/ d. t5 p) p! \5 @
美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/
5 _0 z  ?# a. o' J% A: O' k* d DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf- Y; e, i' x, q4 j6 p* ]! u
English:2 K( W& |( c. ~& e! N
U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/9 j3 s. A! M8 S/ R, q  e
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
3 `4 m( z7 y- w7 A( n2 V# m( u================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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