以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
+ b0 h3 L( \1 c. l8 Z# {===================== 一、法律渊源
^% }+ r% h1 e ?- q, V& ]6 U中文:1 M# P' H! e$ C: U/ w: q0 Z% l D
美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。+ D( Z# h( U& x- V8 p
《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。
1 e" s' R, M5 i( P% A+ O9 P《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。( t4 U* D3 L i: ^
相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。( X7 I4 M9 x6 i' c7 N6 M N& }* U9 n
国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。
: l9 j% X3 A" i) b2 REnglish:
3 c" l! q+ b2 x. zArticle I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
: q- w7 H$ O* O, O( O5 NTitle 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).
% x& C1 i$ x& J- G2 V7 RDigital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998)., V8 l1 h4 y" u2 q
Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).
! [# O4 j W$ f* H2 e2 i! ?9 ZInternational treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.
5 U# d+ k! t- |, y3 d===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)5 W( y5 H2 N6 F5 _
中文:1 }, i7 m/ u- D. N
“原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。
, o6 g6 ~% T, [% S/ J% E1 k 不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。
3 w L3 c3 e) `5 [1 fEnglish:
$ z7 t. E# J& n# M1 m$ D “Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.
; H5 B& `) j/ h; V Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
- ?9 m" Y/ t7 J6 D: `6 j===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)! y$ P8 j: D" d8 r1 Q- j7 c- V7 u4 d
中文:" \3 a# ` w7 n8 [
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。, F2 Y; `1 H o: h4 |2 y9 g
English:
/ S) b. E I( G P4 M, z( J! u& E$ UA copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
; W1 m! I& P! r$ p) k===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)1 O8 i5 z5 t0 a" x; {8 o' q
中文:( [2 d- T+ M; _7 ^
个人作者:作者生前+70 年。
. D2 G1 f# f( a9 W 共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。
4 V9 @5 r" O F9 K* s 署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。0 e$ u3 X' Y/ I2 Z) X" @% M! C
版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。1 z4 N# s% f! A- Y
English:
7 u, |/ d- x) D y% L2 n% Z Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.. G }5 C, ]' E+ B1 r: R
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.
$ g$ }6 K9 q' f1 F# c# |. ~" x Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.: \+ Y; V9 {; c5 _1 F0 E- T9 f: m
Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.
- D/ U, `- S' y4 k! v0 q===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)- \8 @# T% \! b/ p
中文:
8 a- W0 h1 a7 k& l- C. b9 R1 |版权自动产生,无需登记。" q/ S! j9 x6 P# l8 u! Q
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。/ X* _1 A$ ?' x" G
在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。9 I' r6 p/ l$ N9 Z) _1 @
English:
' Y7 y9 J% ]9 h2 @% \Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
% h% A( S8 y6 D4 v" ZTo sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
$ {8 T( j$ \& n$ K/ s( OOnline eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.
- I' C( G& X1 v6 ] p===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)
, k! x* A4 ]/ }, c5 }" B0 F: e: ]8 f0 B中文:
8 V- }! q( y5 X 公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。, V' x9 y" I% |. A* b5 x( N
第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。
* P- d0 j6 t5 l8 a! x0 H: q0 M% F 教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。1 z" B+ {+ Y% d x) E( X( R' S6 e5 U
English:! ]* x: V' _3 w# p
Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.
6 @& t$ v: @# E' [0 U- @: { First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies., t; I6 U3 P; h) O4 w
Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).
A& m' K8 o9 h! e===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点$ D% h+ b! ~6 `) l
中文:
+ C. [( W& S* F. y9 t) R2 `“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。
. b" a ]- A6 J反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。
, W5 L# \0 w' c' z“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。
8 n: [* R; }) ^) l5 K& t' Y7 OEnglish:
4 e; n$ J A; @' p6 @: PSafe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.% W/ d! H# M2 ?
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
) c/ I7 F6 Q% {; v§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.
) H1 W0 y; n, k1 {3 G( w& Q$ y. J===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)& u8 b, E. _& {: q" J: M* t
中文:
" h& s: b/ D" _! m: P: ?- L 直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。" @6 E2 w+ s4 e" P/ [9 {) [& O/ a
法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。! U5 g- @7 B( e) s& w! ~( f
刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。
s6 f2 u- P1 K. L- o$ W# ?; MEnglish:
, n& m; h6 a4 q7 K5 J% O Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.
6 R- V- z: H5 y! t& Q5 x V& l( n* ?5 H* q Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.
" z. b# u$ O* _) R Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
9 w7 @/ k4 E) X$ s) Y===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)+ t/ T5 m7 k! \& v5 @2 k; X
中文:
* S$ F. j* _$ f% O 伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。' H0 m- p0 C! r; ?! _1 x) V9 \! x/ ?
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
, ]$ p) M: M5 v% r" `. A/ MEnglish:
' F5 o- [2 J0 w B+ k6 L+ Z: m Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.
( x- ^; \( V" p# g# |: q2 x Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.
, x* g0 w0 ]& J% M# p0 L' c===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议5 y7 T4 Y1 g7 j: |
中文:
& S1 D' Q0 U0 l9 {: @, _( G仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。8 j6 h8 }$ j3 {0 }8 |; _* y
“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。4 f4 u, u, \! Y( ?& o) `9 z
海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。
# `- \, @& s- bEnglish:
* |8 V' z3 J9 T/ NPublication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.4 ?2 f; \- d( d; Z+ L9 G
Merely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.
S" H o/ X/ iDeploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.
9 B4 Z7 X/ b8 r% A( q===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links
- `+ d& t5 |, ^中文:
7 h1 V( M C7 \! h- @2 l0 ^1 b 美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/
) f+ H3 a$ V X. e DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
, Z& s# s0 j$ {7 j' r/ _! C, NEnglish:
; }; G* {+ L* K- q6 P; d1 Q U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/9 c& x( C& x( J* }; e9 {+ n1 d
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf+ ?5 T) [+ r/ H
================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。 |