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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
0 R0 H0 i- y% C: I# w  K===================== 一、法律渊源# c6 h+ M3 y; r. [
中文:4 Z* m1 W+ n7 T: J2 J3 {
美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。
9 P' A+ G, |! F《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。
* l; h# j/ J- k" G+ b  e, s《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。
) E" b7 N% l+ r# {" o( E3 x" W  ^相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。0 V( |) `4 G' {3 \$ K3 B! q9 q) T
国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。
% K# D. s8 d" E9 f* _5 yEnglish:- M* C. ^' T# O- A' {) H. K
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).$ B0 G4 p" W8 Z# @- E+ t4 [; X5 m
Title 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).& @9 ~2 j- K: v0 d
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).
+ Q3 L: ?7 W- fPertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).
/ J9 Z! N# [$ t0 Y0 ^! WInternational treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc., G& b4 F5 ?  Q8 p
===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)
7 M) p  d+ ^9 E7 l" O- h中文:
1 G0 M( l9 o- `+ v& c! Q “原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。% x# i9 F7 H  W9 `7 u7 k
不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。/ }6 J  R( @! m% ]
English:
! f  Z! O% D( M: T4 L- N* ] “Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.) ^% b4 S" r7 i8 z' L! F/ y
Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
) u$ L7 h: Q0 ?! D; z' _===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)' @/ p& R. c0 y2 W9 D' O: l9 e" p$ C
中文:2 H" i' v  n9 G" J/ j
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。# N2 }1 M3 G% P; v2 R1 y
English:
- u0 V# `+ ~  ]" a) H! Q, V& y$ y- TA copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.! ]$ t( N: z- @( D
===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)$ s$ Q, V7 Y* d0 d: i) R; R, D
中文:0 I1 B- s" Q4 u& |$ d
个人作者:作者生前+70 年。
1 b# H4 k9 ]) ?3 h; B' ^' u2 w1 K 共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。
5 m1 \& S6 E- F- O& n1 G 署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
& A$ }; j2 q: g/ W) Z 版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。
" M, X. b. D# Y8 \& Z2 `4 _) EEnglish:" X, j; y0 q- U1 p; u
Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.* M4 K, o7 L5 i( N) k
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.$ r( N4 n* e- ]4 a3 `) }  w& f% w
Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.: A7 ]% U# y4 ~& ]# Y
Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically., f" p; Q2 C5 R. j
===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)
, c* q8 z6 d5 o% v5 k* s中文:/ X. p" `+ Z4 ?3 I
版权自动产生,无需登记。" E: g7 I; i! [
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。
  O' f6 T9 G$ I3 j) X9 H. Z8 M在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。
% W2 ^- `6 F* uEnglish:
- ~! r2 E& k, ^% G4 R- FCopyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.; O4 S* V' g1 m* b9 ^5 v$ F
To sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office., i5 T+ {- q( F+ u5 Z
Online eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.
5 B3 t! y- L( z+ R% f  n===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions); h5 _& F8 f" ]/ B1 Y/ p+ `
中文:' f) }8 G' [( L/ ^9 y$ k7 Q' V
公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
  n' }# S$ X2 t; x3 o 第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。
! i1 o6 G# m- ~3 R 教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。" D5 L2 z$ K- d
English:! ?& J5 M  }0 [7 J
Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.
8 s4 ]6 K+ G7 P First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.
. f/ |2 u- T6 Y8 d: P Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).
  T& T3 D4 B' C5 Z0 b. S  T===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点
8 {! j4 L- C% Q中文:
3 ?" U+ V& K7 P) c; \" T“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。9 h, u/ P7 \2 ~- T0 D
反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。
: m5 K* h- X) x" w8 N“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。4 Y5 I2 f$ e4 \8 H# z8 P
English:
- z# C% |7 V0 zSafe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.7 D9 w2 M  s3 |9 G; Q6 i
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).+ _" `/ \8 e) m$ [. f% V
§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.
9 I$ y/ A- `& K6 u9 O9 i===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)
6 G9 m6 F/ f( E2 m0 S2 x中文:2 `2 N( l9 f4 Y0 v% M! {
直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。5 X# ?! w3 L8 ?# m! F4 u) U3 P
法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。
5 ^4 j% s6 M+ O! G- g 刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。
/ x6 \0 }7 y9 @% L: nEnglish:+ f! C; W6 s6 v' l. T7 i2 \
Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.
- @& H, d1 I: Z; Z Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.
" T3 K3 l' ~% \# j5 B Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
7 E" @9 _. p) a; U===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)
, O3 c$ l# C8 ?+ v中文:9 Z8 T5 f& y1 K! B! U: P! N
伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。
6 l/ h  @% A0 I( M 美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。" o' I' u% I' _- w! z6 m8 d
English:
6 y5 {; M( C" b, h$ ~2 g4 \ Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.' y; d; Q) c! ^# V
Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration./ \/ E) i2 g" _
===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议
2 s8 c  {. l$ _1 _8 H中文:. A' ]' w5 b# ?8 X: o! z! U& R
仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。
1 E: b5 _" L. q7 g* e% z1 Y: u6 ~/ `“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。
0 ]  W. @, \; k# W; {. M海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。- W1 x/ x6 R/ G; u4 B
English:& S  |5 p+ V. r# ?% z; R
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
- m: k- Q' `& |# c' Q! W  |Merely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.; \2 B' V( G) D
Deploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.) I, j6 j) y. D8 o; a
===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links. O# a( A' W  u$ F
中文:
2 x. z% p( W$ }, t 美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/, C' i% ?, j. t- M! S
DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf7 ]9 X- h1 u) t" N/ f/ R
English:: E; j  K1 M9 ?: O7 ~* B
U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/' b5 y) i/ R) }  ]
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
* f% `2 ^" k! \5 a  S, R================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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