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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
5 c6 H7 q9 ~  i: g4 n+ q5 y, S===================== 一、法律渊源* j$ W7 I$ O* p' `0 ?8 ~) I
中文:
5 K5 K) v9 P+ }美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。1 A; o; [+ F! s
《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。
5 M8 N# R4 p/ A《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。' R: d" w5 V7 c- A
相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。
4 K8 ~, J8 z: d6 P国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。! h; r; u% y$ e& u1 g
English:+ r' Z. F( N" \! r0 b
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
$ z) C3 L. s2 Z! P- j, zTitle 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).
  U" T) a+ l9 {+ l& c7 CDigital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).
; }; e9 w! a) `Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).
# ~. R; a( x0 U' s4 b) e: KInternational treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.
( N' [9 k- ]% Q, L3 x. B===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter). u2 O4 C  s' L$ |, _7 f# ?
中文:
, H' Q( n7 u' m6 Z9 z" m “原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。: q! g, w/ X; ?$ m) u7 X& V
不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。% K$ i8 T4 x( [1 m& `; y
English:1 B$ g! ^* U, u" o: s, H
“Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.
. L# {5 s/ _. n! ^/ j4 v/ u Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.- k# B# ^! h; m! t
===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)
" Q2 o0 ?+ a6 j/ }/ r" f, y中文:$ H* y' A. {5 L6 k/ Y' P
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。  d9 N2 K0 _' E* [1 B' k8 ?
English:% g8 g5 P: K5 k/ O  X, B
A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
8 T  R$ \( s  y2 D===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)+ w8 U  A: h+ W+ F- O, Y. V. t* C( e
中文:
, p7 \, ^! R9 |- N7 C: ? 个人作者:作者生前+70 年。# u& U- B9 [4 v. o9 g9 K/ ~
共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。
3 t' u5 I4 [0 ^% c) ^: i5 x 署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
( Z& Z5 h: w' W; S1 `  b1 c' ? 版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。* b2 D' D& q  C2 L3 A5 b' H
English:
8 }; k8 w1 Q. I4 e; N Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.: S8 b" X% |( Q2 {- b0 x' H
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.
5 i* t+ c6 U5 p1 P4 G. Q( l Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first., `1 l% K' H+ A+ b  @( n; y
Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically., v  f: S: c0 {8 L% ?; [0 y7 v
===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)
8 I7 h$ M8 X4 }中文:
  @, z& K$ i8 K7 s0 P3 f版权自动产生,无需登记。
9 j9 e) I& K5 F+ Z; ^: p3 w但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。
! n3 S6 l' h  T! C' D0 ^# O在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。$ e9 `. G0 k. |5 @# c. ^- i
English:* e% k( t+ U, N: {# l
Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
) b1 q) J3 D' HTo sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.  l6 ^) c5 x/ Y/ y7 z9 K& |
Online eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.
9 e4 `  c1 X* T9 R. L+ e===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)% z2 Y( B" a% X9 i# i
中文:
2 ]3 f% \. v! G2 ^* y: a 公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。7 U7 p' D1 W( _
第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。5 q$ `  j0 G% {7 Q
教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。
, R" R: R7 S) O  B6 nEnglish:
1 H" \2 b: C* @/ X( V7 J! k, Q Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.- O$ {  Y3 h6 D: }
First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.
. k, e( X: [1 _/ ?) i Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).$ o/ m$ F6 P* Y: c' @6 f, H
===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点
& n) e) ?4 [8 t& E中文:1 w. D# A8 L9 z: c0 O1 y
“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。
' K, V! l% y' w反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。
) X2 J/ _! M# S4 n“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。
/ M1 r; x$ J7 [! {English:
: W" o) E" {6 \6 k' R3 ?Safe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.
7 h+ p% U& l( l9 A( dAnti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
4 Q6 f" o& u1 H* m' t2 d- H§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.; q5 p, k6 ?# s4 q/ ]% O
===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)5 K4 z2 g$ _9 x8 u. u) V, u
中文:
9 Y, E) {9 Q; t) T# Y. L4 B1 l 直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。
# C9 V' W, S# `* k4 W 法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。) ?9 P8 Y/ b4 b" S) A; q+ u
刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。3 e6 Z: y" U) Q% I5 Q
English:) k9 K# C0 Z! ]" Q3 c; L
Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.4 p+ B/ W1 |& u0 c
Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.2 B. F& ^# g3 F
Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
; I! `; q+ C  V6 s===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)
0 O+ y" Q" h4 U中文:, q% Q. ^" C: i7 Q& e# X6 v8 s8 _
伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。, A. S1 |& w, w: x
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
* B- a# C7 L7 s! P, @/ I- fEnglish:9 g7 k9 D. ^( D4 D
Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.
# G* J  Y$ o# e2 u8 [7 l! Q Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.1 `) O: k+ ~. _. t, |6 O( P
===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议
8 ~. a+ O( B0 b  L$ y( B" t3 D中文:
2 c5 _0 H, ]) V) @4 h" R仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。& Z# |% v5 B0 i" X% I
“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。
, M( D( t1 u+ i( J1 F海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。
4 |4 j9 v+ M& ^- REnglish:0 q- m. o" _, w
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights., {  I0 a7 {) W4 w" c& e4 p
Merely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license., Q. {( ]6 {) v+ k$ U: a
Deploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.
- i2 {0 l6 t' X8 [3 b" ^===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links3 g1 d( d7 D+ q( a1 X
中文:6 g: H+ o* Z$ R
美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/
5 L+ S% }: |( l+ j DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf* ]+ J: k: n3 \
English:: S% S0 w% [3 i3 }3 G2 x: b3 w$ h$ f
U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/
. O' c; s4 @# f0 u. [, A# w Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
8 P; K! C  C+ F; W* G, e& [================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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