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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
" p1 W8 {8 A7 x  h' D- m' v: y===================== 一、法律渊源
: \4 n* u% u& J/ S) G6 f; o中文:
6 x; Z6 i3 ^) N6 a美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。$ S2 ~, X: ^8 [. `3 C. j$ Q
《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。
' ^! {4 v# k( m5 d8 o《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。+ w9 c( j" n/ R- n
相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。
: O1 @7 A1 k0 ^) }) {4 ~国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。3 g2 o1 I+ Q' @& T( \+ O9 v2 k
English:
8 K& N3 f+ h: E7 `" _Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
. V5 o* [6 j8 |$ [  t* T: vTitle 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).
5 Z, S; W( t/ o5 A" D7 \Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).  ]8 ?* @4 a- f4 |0 s6 E
Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).
3 B- X; K3 I( H5 ?2 ZInternational treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.3 A" ]9 s+ [% \$ `; e
===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)
' [" ]5 ?; D( l& D* g4 p% Z中文:9 S$ w5 N' N% V, X
“原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。
% b& X/ E! E) ]% `/ @ 不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。4 a9 \* ]& G8 q' _- ]7 Z
English:4 S$ X6 u7 V$ G) |
“Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.& o) ?9 Q- D# a8 y4 y0 p7 O; d
Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected./ h$ H1 j, j, Q
===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)- m( w, W' N+ k2 a0 t- B# ~
中文:
0 r) D4 O/ I( ]1 C# Q) H3 S- ]版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。# ]; y$ e* [7 l" R6 o# z2 v# U
English:1 ?/ Z! i+ P# D( o/ `
A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.& X! x+ p' `4 ~2 S4 }8 F$ u
===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)/ v! ~5 V6 J8 t  S7 ]
中文:
& g  k7 V; I" m 个人作者:作者生前+70 年。
3 m/ x, r5 V. h2 ~; s 共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。% |9 r! ]! g  r) I* N! ?
署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。: F& J# m3 z" Z
版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。3 y4 B% h, }  f) F- K# }  h, ?4 Z" K3 s
English:
8 F- v% M- k# @! q9 H) L8 n1 m Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.
1 k6 ]# \3 a% ~7 w- Z4 f Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.
; R. ]/ M" I/ b3 t+ C1 F3 z Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.& G+ K- ^, G% j( r
Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.
2 L1 {0 m9 r, J& |9 t4 a7 d  h===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)
$ B) t' E  S' M' C! V中文:# F; a8 y% A% @, q( }
版权自动产生,无需登记。7 r. Z/ \6 L) ^  S3 T! |
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。
+ ?8 P) s+ {& a' z" p" K' Z! S1 n在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。
$ J' p! d* W: v# {8 f) MEnglish:
4 J7 l) N7 q; y! cCopyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
7 }$ S% b5 k0 J& |2 X3 cTo sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
5 `" h* K! s( nOnline eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.( ^8 {+ `! g- x8 f& M
===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)
/ k4 x# R$ T6 F( _2 c& t/ f+ k; o中文:
; k' N# m1 X0 }4 I' c2 T 公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
; h: C: z+ v  c2 f9 L9 R 第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。9 X! }1 @8 ]: [2 k
教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。
: ~, l0 h" ?7 VEnglish:
+ t3 L7 W3 [8 h1 D) ` Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.) z& ^* @( z0 y8 ?  E
First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.
, ]6 f/ x8 U0 w' u/ c$ w  r Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).  w1 n4 }5 z$ x' v
===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点
# e  f) U) B! J, i+ J  ?中文:3 N4 r( Z8 E# {5 l  U) Z
“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。, z, E2 E3 U7 G) c- s
反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。
) x; D% W: d( d5 p* ]0 r“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。5 m5 J$ v& x& j( {2 Z+ y9 ]3 U+ r
English:9 l7 L/ }) x1 F# ]8 Z: e% e9 F
Safe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.( z5 l# _6 @+ V- ]
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
, F1 q' }$ ~7 T' s, q§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.
; n- Z+ J3 T! |* U===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)
* w$ U8 X1 Z6 ~: d中文:# x2 E& m! G4 y  `; G
直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。9 M% a6 a# A$ w; z" o5 `
法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。
( W' g9 h( h3 `8 o. O7 B1 w 刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。; M! g1 r2 O- X7 h2 o" ~
English:
& k* P, A3 ~: E1 {' F1 y Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.
8 p$ g2 ]5 P  C; h  G Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.
/ o- X& q; v& z7 q Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
* X8 F: f0 z% G===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)$ g- t7 F* D/ S2 n
中文:
; D- h8 }- I  S5 j  z 伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。, b3 o) ?6 g( Q. {1 d' B& t1 T
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
* h  y* D! B5 }" \! j9 ~English:
3 u" U1 Q6 g/ P. j* W8 z7 O5 X% g Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.
! I8 [+ [) w' Q  a1 o+ Q0 w Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.
& L# ^5 x/ k: Q===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议
. j" b# j  z( X4 x. r% R中文:+ I2 Q0 L* |/ N/ h$ i4 {+ d
仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。5 H: K% O1 x2 R; F6 I
“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。
+ W/ [9 }1 t; ?; Z' z. V, H海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。* p- d6 a: a  w: U# A6 S. X4 _3 r
English:
3 Z" F9 B5 d% nPublication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
0 f# s+ i5 k& t; }/ QMerely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.; ~& _  |% i0 T7 f( C4 c/ {  V* F) E4 L
Deploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.3 S- B( J3 o: D4 @# h# @( W
===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links
! Y" b5 ^1 J5 Z' _: T) N! m0 T0 x中文:
" S( Q# c8 a$ ^1 y  ~( W2 p 美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/9 Y% Z, U+ o7 s
DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf0 N& a* K; R7 k5 g
English:1 B9 c- Y5 q1 ?! e6 `
U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/( y( D' {3 [  Z4 f
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf2 c$ q% n+ _- t+ ?
================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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