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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
5 O4 M' ]" w6 [, f===================== 一、法律渊源3 c& y% b8 E( ^4 O: v, C
中文:
; X8 l, U# t9 o美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。
. C7 `# x+ e& E; r; ~《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。; t+ h: U, ?; V  L8 l# Q& p
《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。
0 @" M, u7 Z( v- T$ d+ E9 U( e: v相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。/ N, \: K  G9 |/ Y
国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。+ J& V4 f& {! _
English:
1 v4 }. ~" A2 e6 AArticle I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
+ U) W5 r8 S2 R- oTitle 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).
+ Q" H- [/ w, O/ ?) U# dDigital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).
$ U3 C5 v2 z! n7 u8 `* h7 pPertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).8 J. y4 [* e' l- A/ l7 s7 J
International treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.9 |4 D; D* c" Z2 r. p) P
===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)
  G' f! O* v" _% h1 G" i. E中文:
) _. O' L' a+ J8 g7 B. y “原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。/ v+ S2 W7 W9 C2 W
不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。5 Y3 G0 L* F: [7 o5 g3 z4 l& y& t& P; a5 T
English:
; B/ J% ?. m  Q* S% R' j$ ^  D “Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.: X' }0 G; |) ~; r5 j
Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.- I* s& s! W3 \
===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)
& ]5 @& l8 f0 o中文:0 F6 @5 T. i5 m+ J: `  o
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。
% I+ _- `+ }! j: g4 G8 b; yEnglish:
, b) F; n" I, ^A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.# l: e: |% G1 \& y) l
===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)9 i9 T7 f8 o; g9 M" D
中文:
5 c1 B' W8 x1 h* y 个人作者:作者生前+70 年。" T# \" c: n" ^) _( _5 W" ]& j
共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。
) o# d3 T) ~+ b5 Z3 m4 L4 S$ _/ i 署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
. O7 V4 w0 U& P. f 版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。) E" D# W( ~4 b8 o' S
English:* ]) R$ h8 ^  ?0 Q/ [9 D; J6 [% z
Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.
% m/ A. y3 H0 z% r) R% b* b Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.2 `6 n6 ~( K" ]4 @! P
Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.. A( e: q7 s$ W1 j# {
Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.4 }4 m7 Z& J6 j# e
===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)
0 g/ G3 Q" }4 I# }0 H8 R, Q) a中文:- Z% \) p2 ]; t5 m
版权自动产生,无需登记。
7 f3 ?2 m( j* l$ I0 M但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。
3 v! b- X2 z' @% b在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。4 R7 C5 H9 P) |- f7 v# f$ z
English:1 g0 b" P- p$ i* z9 K; G. ?
Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
  Q1 y3 _8 {" u- O" F; ^2 TTo sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
0 G; y5 U0 J1 Q- ^) b4 vOnline eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.; k: ^& h/ G6 h# T
===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)
4 g* R7 f+ r1 B/ f- ?0 C中文:- P0 r/ b; E( p& C/ E+ N$ O' [
公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
6 @+ o7 G. Q( t/ U' h+ r 第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。
- ^7 ]/ k! d4 } 教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。
+ ~: R! L" [+ d& p9 A4 FEnglish:
, u8 Q9 H! t" _( P- I Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.
9 Z' [4 ~7 H- D First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.( d3 K- U! P, X9 H
Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).
7 m; s5 p* m" t. l! Q' ?===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点1 l& V6 P0 W/ L9 w) G
中文:
$ g( [( a0 h5 v, K) k“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。
6 N8 B$ K8 q0 G* h1 j  B反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。# ~  ~# \* u# T# ^8 C, R
“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。3 r% @( J8 m* c9 W' C) Z' L& i- V
English:2 o& H3 g- v6 J
Safe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures." b9 h9 m) M1 r' X* U
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).+ Y8 Q1 Y+ {3 c' V- ~  ]/ w: ~
§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.( m. w& B6 d- [" b; ~" e
===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)' K; R. w% b) Q. c6 L( z
中文:& U% o6 c9 ^7 Y9 r
直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。
$ U$ w; M) k, j! [7 _. d: c' T1 q 法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。7 h9 s$ v& b; g# q, h; ^
刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。: _: a3 Z+ L: E$ I
English:
; d. M3 I7 F2 g: H9 N1 Q* v1 ` Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.2 v6 o" s5 B1 Z. m( F) l) U' J5 _
Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.: f' n" R. h4 H+ i- N- q/ T0 X
Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
$ m& q( P, {  Y===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)
9 j4 s8 y2 ]3 c/ b* _中文:
; o1 q$ _. Q4 E2 u5 ? 伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。
( y: f: ~$ ?/ j% |- B5 _ 美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
# Q1 C! F0 I: _  t. x6 @" I6 ~English:% D/ e" H6 ^5 J: `- H
Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.* O! ^7 D2 p* Y# z9 j: f
Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.
2 N- e1 D# ~5 |( t! d/ e===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议/ d( Z$ c. s' C: f9 n6 c
中文:
# v+ c/ r5 Y* Z+ m( z; N0 h  Y6 N仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。
% ~, q" f1 s3 {8 H“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。
) Q$ p% q& Q2 h) N5 O) K" Z+ {海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。& Z* B6 E6 B; U  o; Y2 W* a6 ]% v, e
English:) Q- ~  x9 ^' i3 V% J! p
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.: ^9 b: x- ^* o
Merely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.
0 a+ I" {+ [0 e; q6 N% i; @% @3 LDeploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.
5 f% B/ I' _, u5 u) o1 I===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links
' I4 Y7 M: K2 x9 L! H* j中文:
9 n1 t7 o8 ]$ a9 g" V 美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/+ X, Y! `; I5 H+ @5 z
DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf2 d& ]1 f9 l* p* X) U
English:
! x9 ~# G+ Q  w  g5 w% I6 c U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/7 c9 Y0 y1 U5 }9 V0 B
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
1 e) d; f2 ~* a8 a6 H================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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