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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。: Z. u0 P3 f  X- I6 B8 R. j
===================== 一、法律渊源
+ z2 g& Q! ?) W# T3 l4 s; i9 d中文:
$ j+ Z. I1 G. I美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。
) M/ u( t9 G6 F《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。2 `6 _7 ^  a$ V9 i
《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。
- r) B% A$ T! n  D" ^0 G& p相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。
/ ?$ m: y* w2 {: o2 T+ a国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。  ~3 j+ M6 e6 J+ S  Y4 l. r
English:. `' V0 ~7 S- O3 `
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
  Q$ \! d; ?% a+ J3 yTitle 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).: u. D0 f4 ?- @* ^/ t
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).
; O8 Z! y8 p3 H1 BPertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).
+ w# y; b, R1 Y2 G$ _3 E( {International treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.. ^/ J+ O! s5 H% H2 a3 a  I! [! D
===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)8 y4 P' g3 b3 c  g: _2 B* y
中文:
& Y0 m0 t8 v7 g# H7 @% H2 Z: z “原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。# a+ }) N+ d4 L1 t/ k8 s7 g) y
不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。  B' a2 I9 j" \3 B: s+ P
English:# n4 |/ D( U4 R5 T; ^/ r/ H
“Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.2 ^) a' z' j& ~( J
Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
2 L* A4 f# X, [, C. W  e===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)
" `; k9 s3 t  }中文:% Z7 Z; a0 F1 u# J' \
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。# H$ d* t+ j5 Q% q; i/ X; c1 y: \
English:2 V- B7 i2 h! u' e5 H1 [7 H
A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
  J9 I& V$ t( B+ |+ Q===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)
+ U5 n6 w$ U' _; ]中文:
' q1 c, M- r+ j8 A1 {) t7 t 个人作者:作者生前+70 年。7 B9 S, z. G9 ]+ Q9 Z
共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。. D' U; M0 X( G! o) I9 Q
署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。3 [) b' o7 ~5 \. h+ |9 I9 {  ]
版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。
- P& u0 R" |/ b- Y4 t5 x, `English:7 G! N( [$ B4 \2 A! p6 L  f
Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.
( n3 E. t2 w" Z+ U# h* G8 q Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.8 u- k( D4 j9 \. \, h
Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.
0 w* ?5 A2 V: T- } Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.. Y: n' ^8 `: c4 C+ D2 h1 B
===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)
; w9 T( B1 X6 Q9 s中文:3 F& {! b# ~  Y
版权自动产生,无需登记。% T1 L: [% G) w& b+ Z7 `: Y
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。
5 M2 J  y4 {, f# X! K# ^在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。  x7 A, g( L( o% H
English:, j6 t: S) Q0 c, y5 B
Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
1 i9 Q- i; u1 q' g4 s) Y+ PTo sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
2 D$ q3 C  q* A9 y1 v! yOnline eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.* l( S. J8 V7 {- u2 P  Z
===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)% E2 ^$ n7 Z% f2 V
中文:: }# M7 h3 u/ {/ M2 w4 [
公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
2 {4 Z8 }. ]" q6 E3 x 第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。
& X( x; i% F* N. M 教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。
" t" w1 s1 m0 Z5 }9 Q: B6 N. dEnglish:) I# F4 N8 X# H' o5 G4 _
Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.. l% c, C3 C+ m5 O$ f, @, K
First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.0 n% R! `; d! s, n1 K
Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).( ^8 M1 d  r( p' \# O& E
===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点9 i" }5 @# u9 j) T8 M
中文:' s6 j/ O% x9 ]7 c( a( E
“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。( J: Z- _+ ~; x, `
反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。
3 b- z/ R4 f) [' f5 i; J“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。
" x* ~8 z; I+ cEnglish:
  y+ w3 `5 v9 I. P  vSafe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.
0 r8 p* r3 Z8 `* B' O2 T3 C" _Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
$ p4 S3 ^0 [8 ~, \# N/ K§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.  g8 ?9 m# ~' Q" P' `7 T: Z2 K& y
===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)
6 D* |- B' v0 n. Y0 ?中文:2 z+ e9 U! D* h, `: Y
直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。! d: T. P' @( g4 k$ W- u/ T
法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。
/ p- F$ f* |/ z: K4 O 刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。, f) T/ d! F3 p) |: D9 W, _. [
English:3 K3 b) u1 J4 y. r" }
Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.+ K( R4 L, Y9 B1 G, B+ {# z
Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.
) w+ R' r" r( n, H% {- [3 v Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
% h. B/ ]2 K6 d5 y. J  p, Y===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)" K) I: k; o2 e; s# h, d
中文:( f+ z7 F/ e  O  q1 k9 T
伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。& i; c6 @) {! n# x
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
) V& W6 _3 r4 b* ~& UEnglish:
6 r) A; d, A/ j Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.
6 }, D+ c: _4 q Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.+ X4 z1 O' N9 ~+ u0 F# |) e
===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议
* \1 q" h8 [5 B  E) J/ a  I/ E中文:; }# M* |5 e" Q1 g* ^+ v
仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。! l3 ]1 k: s! {" T
“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。
6 F1 k+ d5 O. a& W4 O( D7 m海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。
6 Y1 B4 p5 Y+ K6 t5 |English:/ \/ L9 p$ H- [! b" u& H- `7 C
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
) B, o/ @. L1 F: o) P; A: gMerely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.4 S- t8 x, g9 ~( {: {6 y, W' M, H
Deploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.
- L1 V7 U8 K' ~! B" t8 p: R===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links0 ~0 h, ?7 \$ u' X0 n- I
中文:6 }2 j5 j/ l4 v* E
美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/
7 o1 v$ b9 y5 `: f+ S DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
/ r( n0 Y6 C/ `7 R+ ]( VEnglish:
; }3 u; b$ c- C/ g! H3 y U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov// `- D5 g" n0 A7 |" R8 ^3 |+ B
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf, `% h- d! w$ U5 l& X0 U0 P
================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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