以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式，对美国现行主要版权法律架构（Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释）进行分条说明，帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法，供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。$ }8 V$ K' |4 z/ T- J" k
===================== 一、法律渊源
: j; L9 d, j# i3 I& V; [中文：; l' Q' t! K" l) y
美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款（著作权与专利条款）。
- I# S0 v- J6 J* [《美国法典》第 17 编（Title 17, U.S. Code），即《美国版权法》。
" _5 \0 ]2 Z/ F A, `# f《数字千年版权法》（Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA，1998）。* N4 Z( ], f( z3 d9 A
相关联邦/最高法院案例判例（例如：Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984)；Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)）。
2 C8 C. ~# S" o& |$ E9 y9 q国际公约：伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。, |; }+ N) F$ g+ L' F& K5 A
English:
Y! O7 Y0 O! `+ d* s% d' WArticle I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).. [6 A# `. E. A( N/ p, y" y. q
Title 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).
- G3 v+ I z3 s3 K3 e. I9 JDigital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).$ y! C; I0 C# V" L% x& p
Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).8 p" F/ W* Z3 n. m0 _& C
International treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.9 k, |0 O0 X/ [
===================== 二、保护客体（Subject Matter）
0 ?1 N, l3 q& P* c& ~中文：( o& H) Z3 S' m5 n( [" w7 H
“原创作品”（original works of authorship），固定在有形载体上即可受保护，包括：文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。8 Y' |2 ~8 o6 h+ ^& o) T
不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。
" n# f, O; {/ U7 A% o( PEnglish:. I# e: R' M+ [; h. F3 K* E
“Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.
5 M ?5 I. C1 L( i Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
8 K# ^0 y4 b& Q- f; u' h===================== 三、专有权利（Exclusive Rights, §106）0 H( t( i# w4 S2 T9 ^% d
中文：
1 S, i1 X# H* |: a# G/ ~2 i; h版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权：复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权（录音专属）。
8 p: p/ e6 I0 F" GEnglish:
, Y/ C7 N4 X9 } h3 ~: j. bA copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
4 h# _5 l$ V: S, c+ K/ x1 Q/ F===================== 四、版权期限（Term, §302-305）
# X h4 c# o9 T: J% m/ T' h中文：
% I: Y& ? r" ~9 M 个人作者：作者生前+70 年。" s0 z- A7 A/ M P
共同作者：最后亡故作者生前+70 年。( `' u( y+ s. O/ W9 L$ |
署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品（work made for hire）：首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年，取较短者。" [% ]; K. D" `/ i' O( D
版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。
" G% V t: R. f. `5 o$ e, M( R+ LEnglish:: l, ?! {) r2 z; Q9 J% g t1 l
Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.9 | j! u& S' L1 ]4 Q0 H8 ~* k4 T
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.! ?/ l# ~- H: e% R' I
Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.
* e- { P+ r2 J2 |& B0 g+ t0 y Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.. q, |* Z A4 k
===================== 五、注册与备案（Registration, §408-412）
W* f7 k( r/ C+ ^: ?2 ?+ X7 L中文：
. ~( b/ T7 B# I9 i/ }7 z) ?版权自动产生，无需登记。) D: w/ m. I+ v) ]4 H. v& i
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿（statutory damages）和律师费，必须在著作权局（U.S. Copyright Office）进行注册。0 O9 e# I/ L' @
在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证，可做海关备案（CBP）或平台维权。
$ l5 k: b$ o. N; t4 f6 D- x* A( { D* gEnglish:
4 y: x% C# s+ R! i/ G' q. ~. ~* I; hCopyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
, h( f& _3 G+ i) {To sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
) ]( p' O8 k6 J7 m% f0 |0 SOnline eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.
& m# s3 a9 m2 x. x. f6 Z===================== 六、限制与例外（Limitations & Exceptions）
: k3 T1 _4 Y/ `$ o中文：
, e3 ?# B' v1 o3 f% S0 y. L- H# |1 ? 公平使用（Fair Use, §107）：判断四要素——①目的性质；②作品特性；③所用部分质与量；④对潜在市场的影响。9 ~6 g2 {+ ^2 X1 U V8 T# F# P
第一销售原则（First Sale, §109）：合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与，但数字拷贝另有规定。
( e- E6 |8 k$ g) i0 K7 g8 [. N 教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款（§108-121）等。
1 O5 W/ T7 H1 J: f* Z1 @English:7 [5 K2 y+ P( d% X) L
Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.
( a4 k( l7 S- ?2 T First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.
/ |" c9 e, a9 B$ E) k Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).
) `+ x* e7 p+ S- D5 }) I: b! h- Y===================== 七、数字环境：DMCA 要点
9 o7 o( ~# l/ s$ x* i; w中文：
! [3 @+ b: ]. O; t# g' Q3 M“安全港”（Safe Harbor, §512）：在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时，可免于间接侵权。9 Z; p( l1 L9 p' O" {
反规避条款（Anti-Circumvention, §1201）：禁止破解有效版权保护措施（TPM）。 _, `2 {) i0 j
“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”：恶意滥用通知可追责（反通知、恢复机制）。3 l1 _1 w6 B2 b W1 [
English:
( Q2 x3 L) {9 S" k+ Y' w% c' r, OSafe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.
. S! X/ r/ E/ G: U9 J& t; z: F3 tAnti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
% M3 c# c' s. l: p x/ ^' S§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.
9 L8 i' u- n8 `/ N===================== 八、侵权与救济（Infringement & Remedies）' k8 s7 o+ O9 X
中文：3 |% O; G8 d' ], k7 ~2 r6 y) K
直接、贡献、替代侵权（Direct, Contributory, Vicarious）。
% Z( |- b% Z4 w9 i- r# s$ i 法院可裁定：禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿（750-30,000 美元/件；恶意高达 150,000 美元）、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。5 W' A" z O# M& Z1 u: o2 j( u5 h
刑事责任：商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。' p: }/ S4 M1 Y+ ~! ] _% e/ R
English:
0 G/ [& W' T- x) W2 Y; M Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.5 R& Q" A' i. `7 L( N' c
Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.& p" Y+ m8 \; O. \% b1 f; C
Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
% H2 B( T! r7 I0 H+ e' D===================== 九、国际保护与执法（International Enforcement）
# x5 c; e& h! r; d' K! o9 d中文：) w" R8 B& S, q4 w; j( ^
伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护；无需形式要件。
5 f6 P9 d! `% M3 {# P 美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
) [2 {& C3 j7 sEnglish:1 [$ z8 O+ x( K
Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.
5 _# X1 f! W% C- ?' c# ? Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.( Q! E; {+ n$ S+ H! M5 F- o. l
===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议) R) h! _4 B t' X3 M, z, e
中文：
; _- X( r! |1 H: O仅“发表”并不等于“注册”；维权前务必先申请登记。
, ~6 ^) q. B, X O- e“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权；需查明许可条款。. u @% ]% }% A# }( q8 v @
海外社交平台（YouTube、TikTok）须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。
) H0 B2 g: ?* u. UEnglish:, Z7 [+ R r$ a# J" u) w, z
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
8 c0 L5 d" x/ {, F9 Z0 ]Merely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.8 P8 C3 F9 h" x' r; e: _0 D
Deploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.
& Y5 `0 K! b5 @6 l e2 B" F===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links
& o4 u0 z3 X! M5 o4 v3 A9 o中文：3 Q Y$ k" E. x- l- g6 F
美国版权局官网：https://copyright.gov/
- G* w( f& W! h DMCA 原文（Public Law 105-304）：https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
. X2 y$ P5 h5 z" v9 e$ G- TEnglish:0 T! y- } v$ {
U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/
7 Y* s/ i( l3 c) d& P, L; { Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf# S0 Z1 V) e# a2 a( o& M f
================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业（软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等）或特定情形（全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据）进一步研讨，欢迎再行咨询。 |
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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27