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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
- F  w6 O; C. S$ g===================== 一、法律渊源3 m8 z" _+ g3 h- U: M6 `, Q
中文:
* m/ i% G' [  M4 C* E$ \! M美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。
! n8 r! ^( p' B0 l; a8 B《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。
/ H$ n7 z# I! [# B+ r/ r3 F《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。
" j3 j& V2 M. d3 v8 Z相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。
( U; {+ K6 m. _: G: h国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。( l0 n7 A9 I, L
English:6 Q3 X, n- g: S. M4 C' X
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).0 I! @: K  z4 R0 a" K
Title 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).9 \  x8 V( D  n" ]/ C: [
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).4 O4 ]% H/ V- {) S! A
Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).6 ^  p6 S4 _5 l% J. e/ [9 N
International treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.
' `2 y) H  s5 ?0 g, ~' F===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)' l3 R5 D4 Y  B! b  w7 \* n
中文:' t/ f% a$ ^, m% T  o9 ?( D
“原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。
' f0 S& I! g! ~ 不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。
% q" Y+ d2 O9 e, h7 s2 ZEnglish:
- P; `  ^7 N8 }6 ?$ B4 u “Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.
5 l' i/ j* k+ Y; N' R" c- v; i Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
: j3 x/ ~) i  O===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)
- U$ W6 _; X' u, O, D4 }中文:: \% V+ b7 o; R: f
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。" g! i% Q  y8 b, }( Z
English:/ [" t9 {2 K( a. @* l& X' F
A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
5 H8 k3 L, ]! Z: g===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)1 C# F! Z0 j6 ^$ x
中文:' F( e5 V: ^0 z) v$ b! I$ z, t
个人作者:作者生前+70 年。5 E3 Y4 q; y$ \$ c% K  C' ?% [
共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。( `6 V0 t  q8 i9 ?  L2 Q
署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
% w7 R! n" G$ O 版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。6 n8 @$ X. j! @) X: S
English:6 g! P" Q, c! H& y+ m: h+ h! }- A; s, b
Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.+ T" c  k7 g2 m) z1 m; K, v
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.
+ n! e. K! N4 u* f3 ]- f Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.
8 T" c) `! m7 N4 X# _5 R4 l4 H& c Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.
( g$ a4 |* l) h" `% @===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)
+ B4 ~/ [2 g. I$ l8 S! F5 r中文:( Z3 z: K! V, Y& @6 M. h7 @0 W
版权自动产生,无需登记。1 ~  E5 ~' z8 Q3 S# [1 Z
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。9 o1 F4 u* [+ k7 `
在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。! F$ x, A9 `4 L! l9 k- U+ e# ~/ ]
English:. _8 j8 A3 z' R: B1 \; L3 F
Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.
& |! g( D- E- ^6 VTo sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.' }% C; p) E- y) l
Online eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.5 [0 k7 v1 {' Z5 S7 z& v% d* ?
===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)
3 S. T; g& o. z" S& l/ l; C中文:6 b1 N, ]5 v9 R) @  J) |- ?
公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
+ t& M& X: r9 D' s4 M 第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。
8 P  @) H6 U, K' E% Z 教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。5 L. U( ^$ v: j" E  V
English:
& y$ {: E) [  `1 } Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.
/ |1 {" t5 {7 ?1 ~& ^ First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.- t4 v  W0 m3 l7 q6 |
Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).' A* g3 q/ ]! T% T9 Y4 \
===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点
0 d: X/ {4 r' q' R: b中文:
* V1 E$ i* d% ~* I% |) f“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。
% O- V0 i( B9 O  R% P反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。! _- u  Q# w3 M8 \. W# _; f% A
“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。. B: {) o+ s( W8 a+ J
English:
8 P. ]. z/ v% u8 b- w( OSafe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.
$ s1 S$ [2 y! O. H# V' W1 e1 W' rAnti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).4 m3 H2 L% N" {8 D# h, ?
§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.6 w" q* A2 ?9 F8 X# K8 d
===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)
! z3 l1 Q( p. t; t6 v中文:
$ M0 N4 u2 i) `3 z- l5 V 直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。
6 L) m- ~  i. r# S+ J 法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。
# l* q, }! X! z/ g, A 刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。4 T8 e; U: R# K6 i3 N1 A  c; ~
English:
2 y. z9 S1 L5 U& i+ s& H Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized./ E& b  k. B  V! C- a* u' Q
Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.- y5 c0 }1 r# J' B# Q' `0 j
Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines./ k' r& D2 D+ S0 d% m: F( g) |
===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement): Q' \7 G0 n, v0 c! Q/ B$ v; E
中文:. G8 g! @  c6 b: I' w, i4 H* d
伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。1 g& k* X5 f3 F& U: ]  H
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。( u  Q0 V, ~  W0 [0 f) d
English:/ V! b; |+ d" L: ^. o
Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.1 u& E% i' V% h( `$ W  r6 A
Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.& X1 v1 b; S7 o! z' a# B- d
===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议/ o! x$ L3 r/ a
中文:
* F4 `9 @9 E: C& `" M$ s仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。
1 Z/ e  C% k& w5 b# S“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。
& E# E7 D2 j/ E. l海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。
  F$ J6 t: {3 r# uEnglish:. p; \" L4 N9 H# Q
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.$ w/ T% l3 M9 Q, Q. ]6 W0 Z% u
Merely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.. i3 E9 y. w4 M/ D0 u
Deploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.: X# ~6 j( _/ P5 j" X  y
===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links6 {. |% s. b" z7 }# j  Y7 N6 ]: s
中文:+ F; Y4 E/ u. a# U
美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/: m; S6 u8 v, B, w0 \& I
DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
: Y+ J7 K! J+ v) NEnglish:' U- m% H/ v% S3 V; @/ ]
U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/# k3 Q1 u( j$ Z' d9 ]) [# w4 S
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
" v3 T- G6 Q$ j================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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