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美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

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发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
* W+ q8 W" p7 [' h9 j2 @===================== 一、法律渊源
7 _( s  m+ Z7 `  H中文:* a2 `7 l# e' @  T, Y4 ?3 w
美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。
  z. z/ L$ X* m8 S《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。' O( u7 q+ c9 r- B1 o& k4 J! P
《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。
6 [6 p5 P, `' B$ ]" P; D相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。
, Z% B& n8 q4 n  m4 O国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。* e# d5 v* o  L0 p, e
English:+ X& {$ C1 F) [, T4 ?9 R3 L) |4 r
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
( K% _+ d% }# ?( i( rTitle 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).! n( N# |% P# ^8 @' _8 N; b9 {
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).
& s3 z" t- a; n* B" XPertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).
: d# _! R+ T' }, rInternational treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.6 L! _: x3 i: W' I4 Y0 ^( e
===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)
- ]; y) Z4 V( ^" k5 J6 Z中文:' F* C6 J- L: q
“原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。
5 ?% `0 h; C$ h, I, q 不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。- w" x! d7 G) C  H& `; I
English:8 Q! y' U/ D+ v: d2 U. J
“Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.
( [9 ?: g7 I: H- W Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.
7 [7 Q7 a0 ?4 T# O===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)
6 ?3 i4 S: v' X% W8 P中文:# U. A3 t8 ?5 \& K, V
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。
  ~% b$ H# L3 |3 ZEnglish:$ d4 j& t# \2 h( ^. Q/ D
A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
/ y7 K+ j  e& O& D0 x===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)% ~+ h8 y9 i1 p- ~) i2 s
中文:; x  O! ?' h; |& H
个人作者:作者生前+70 年。
4 ~; ^  N% ^: A+ n+ B 共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。, t( n5 H! `0 X0 b; y, |
署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
* _0 R) T! }2 x9 O8 n! ]6 [: h 版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。+ j$ e0 [' \; S; b  R, z
English:
; Q0 O1 J0 X, H% ^/ A Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.* S2 v& P) b# C5 n
Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.- ^' \  [& u, \6 q. O) h! [
Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.5 c/ u' X8 I5 T6 D1 W% a
Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.
- j+ w  _2 V/ O. @===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)
# ]9 u6 b+ ^0 y, x: R中文:
) I- d2 f5 j/ s版权自动产生,无需登记。
. ^& S/ U9 t6 }0 z' k. l% E但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。/ v, K1 C$ s( N$ O5 g
在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。
! S; a" ^+ W8 n% G" Z. lEnglish:% O; Q1 H0 h+ c
Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.3 ^; T; q% v' M; _  Z
To sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
6 \( U& p6 y$ H4 vOnline eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.6 s# e8 U+ u" e, S' }
===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions)
; W) Z. Q; Y+ y4 z) e; E) ]中文:
3 E2 Z, b( l# {  z: P3 j& P& _: q- U 公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。8 M& ?- y9 O9 l' h
第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。7 T7 P  R0 V9 q. i. R$ ]
教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。0 z; P5 z! ]/ B+ L8 ^) a
English:
! a  M0 n& f, ?5 p6 W Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.  ]7 J* R* U& I$ f0 U
First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.2 ~8 t; ^; {% ?8 |' J. t3 g( M
Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).
. Y7 v* L& p- Y( ~===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点: z- b' T# p5 H9 R& i: P) E! A
中文:
4 e" _# a1 T0 @" M. ^; ?“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。* B" B6 I( Y' l9 o8 }) v% ^
反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。8 I2 }# m3 j, }9 j: N  ~+ |, V
“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。
6 _" t! g0 t7 u: J/ F3 d; OEnglish:
: r  c' f9 n" d) R- x2 H2 y# cSafe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.% Q7 d) ~" k  o7 r' s5 i
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
# s9 a# F. y+ {' y6 @§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.7 U& [8 Y% `9 A4 B; \( N
===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)4 m* J6 |( V' j% U# c
中文:
+ `) U6 V) X# U+ T* A 直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。& P# A/ B: |' b6 y( }3 {
法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。! b# ~. j6 t( ?; {/ f6 t
刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。" `3 V8 L9 R6 b* @& o
English:( C; D5 H( l: M9 t, q) K# b
Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.
1 f( A6 r3 k4 J5 A; v2 R" ~ Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.
$ H0 [2 b( P% W Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.* K  g0 B" Q" ~3 f5 n' |. f( O) w
===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)
" P, t7 |6 `! Z  T0 S" @" _中文:( z5 Z/ o' [" z# H9 r' |
伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。
8 b, ?$ \3 X0 B* `% H 美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
/ F* k  Z" c& J' ?1 b. mEnglish:% }8 h( ?8 X- p3 C; O  M
Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.+ x6 C& _! c/ k4 G
Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.- z: Q6 T& {7 F$ @, D! F' j) v) Z
===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议
+ O9 z* k& `9 n) a: |中文:( i) }& |$ Z7 y+ T/ J7 S
仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。
' I1 W: ]# v& h5 ^& }! N5 e“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。, d4 R8 I) E' M1 q
海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。$ @; V$ m4 k5 a; j. A
English:- N5 E& }, R# B
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
8 E# s5 I6 A2 j7 ?Merely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.
1 X4 ^% j' p; D6 B* _4 P+ LDeploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.' ]. K  V, ]- F( E, r0 r# z
===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links; c3 _/ K6 n% E$ F9 j- J- q9 N
中文:
, D5 i  r) M2 C% X( h8 X# p7 [, t 美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/" Z5 _- V$ _* r/ D
DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
6 z+ D2 M; A7 X( p8 |0 TEnglish:( ~0 ~# @* m1 `1 f. E
U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov// v7 j( @9 C& d+ a/ E
Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
; V, G: @( b5 l  e: ?================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
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