四目观天下

 找回密码
 立即注册
搜索
热搜: 活动 交友 discuz

美国关于版权的法律(中英文双版本)

[复制链接]
发表于 2025-9-10 08:03:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
以下内容以“中文-英文”对照的方式,对美国现行主要版权法律架构(Title 17 of the United States Code, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 以及相关司法解释)进行分条说明,帮助您快速把握核心条款与合规要点。文字已尽量采用官方/惯用译法,供研究、合规审核或跨境业务参考。
& n2 ?: R' K6 w; y2 h7 i3 z5 e===================== 一、法律渊源
5 R: u+ i+ ~% H7 N4 V7 D0 z, z' y& Q中文:; b  P' f# V$ k! Z, _7 z
美国宪法第 I 条第 8 款(著作权与专利条款)。, w! ]2 A, m  A+ S' C. j( w
《美国法典》第 17 编(Title 17, U.S. Code),即《美国版权法》。+ r5 s  G2 ^$ b3 c# ^
《数字千年版权法》(Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA,1998)。" d7 g( \: _- R1 D3 j1 j0 B
相关联邦/最高法院案例判例(例如:Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984);Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021))。
$ |* L1 ?$ I' o$ I: G- J) M国际公约:伯尔尼公约、WIPO 版权条约、TRIPS 协议等。( T7 S! ]8 C6 B, E
English:6 Q, f8 o, A2 H* o
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause).
* A+ {. c" ]7 I) R) }Title 17 of the United States Code (the U.S. Copyright Act).: t+ S& H& m" J0 T' t9 e
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, 1998).4 G9 U3 s9 {8 F
Pertinent federal and Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Sony v. Universal, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Google v. Oracle, 593 U.S. ___ (2021)).8 d6 O( W% z/ X' K2 @
International treaties: Berne Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, TRIPS Agreement, etc.- z1 t& `  c0 _, e
===================== 二、保护客体(Subject Matter)
5 `. o& A! O5 O7 h& S  C中文:9 {& \) y+ g; l) u
“原创作品”(original works of authorship),固定在有形载体上即可受保护,包括:文学、音乐、戏剧、编舞、视觉艺术、电影/视听、声音录制、建筑设计等八大类。
0 {. K$ M3 F; W9 J5 D 不保护思想、事实、方法、数学公式、政府作品、极其简短的短语/标题、公共领域作品等。
# \  k; t# f' X' E& c' DEnglish:
0 `$ U, Q4 Y# m# |% m “Original works of authorship” fixed in any tangible medium of expression are protectable, spanning literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, motion pictures/audiovisual, sound recordings, and architectural works.8 m) z9 D; L  M! F( v
Ideas, facts, methods, mathematical formulas, U.S. government works, short phrases/titles, and works in the public domain are not protected.4 o% `/ Q6 n; j5 D, ^
===================== 三、专有权利(Exclusive Rights, §106)3 R) J# I5 V+ T( `+ g* C: v1 m. E
中文:5 n/ |9 ]7 E( ], t2 S" T+ k4 M
版权所有者拥有六项核心专有权:复制权、发行权、改编权、公开表演权、公开展示权、录音制作/数字音频传输权(录音专属)。' y. l  h; Y2 ~+ U, D
English:. S$ d- f$ Y3 F; z" B9 A. P
A copyright owner enjoys six basic exclusive rights: reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public performance, public display, and, for sound recordings, the right to perform the work publicly by means of digital audio transmission.
5 ^5 ^; O1 B) z# t===================== 四、版权期限(Term, §302-305)  B! ]6 ^. n- p+ K, s/ P
中文:
* r( Q  k- d: Q; R, i2 ~# J8 e 个人作者:作者生前+70 年。
. y9 [0 l- J9 O# h' m, E) N 共同作者:最后亡故作者生前+70 年。
% X& c; E% q) R 署名权人非自然人或雇佣作品(work made for hire):首次发表起 95 年或创作起 120 年,取较短者。
7 Q4 R* E3 I- {/ J$ y; K 版权期限届满作品自动进入 Public Domain。/ t7 P) Y7 k. l9 ~- N* _
English:
( k- ]$ v1 P7 R- V0 M. s0 U: E& \ Single natural author: life of the author plus 70 years.
; ]7 r' |/ |% Q* m! M Joint authorship: 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.
& Q! o2 [3 i8 J& V0 ^% B0 f Works made for hire or anonymous/pseudonymous works: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.: _, @. Q9 m! `$ R0 `) M* S" ~, H
Once the term ends, the work enters the public domain automatically.
& N! m+ f7 K, O" a; w1 B" D' }5 H9 K===================== 五、注册与备案(Registration, §408-412)' i. ^+ t8 \: h7 w# Y& t# p9 F: k
中文:! x. S$ V' y5 Z) R+ [
版权自动产生,无需登记。4 N3 S% {  |# ~; T/ \
但若需在美国法院提起诉讼、主张法定损害赔偿(statutory damages)和律师费,必须在著作权局(U.S. Copyright Office)进行注册。7 w6 Z# d6 @/ e& Z2 B8 z
在线 eCO 系统平均 2-8 个月出证,可做海关备案(CBP)或平台维权。: H& n( S' ~# b$ x* t9 \4 G1 g9 H  Z' ^
English:
8 |5 U4 Y' _2 Q: @2 ]Copyright subsists automatically; registration is not a prerequisite for protection.3 a: |7 _' O! A7 i% u
To sue in U.S. federal court and access statutory damages or attorney’s fees, the work must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
3 w/ W3 _2 H) t8 ^9 u/ vOnline eCO filings generally issue within 2–8 months and can be used for CBP recordation or platform enforcement.
7 G# _/ v% z2 B8 o; E0 {===================== 六、限制与例外(Limitations & Exceptions), W+ X4 J1 M# D
中文:. l8 `8 P2 L+ B9 K
公平使用(Fair Use, §107):判断四要素——①目的性质;②作品特性;③所用部分质与量;④对潜在市场的影响。
5 i1 e' [, q# {% K$ |: Y7 M3 z 第一销售原则(First Sale, §109):合法购买后可转售、出租、赠与,但数字拷贝另有规定。
, ]0 {- q4 l  Z) n+ ]: L! _% U- q 教育、图书馆、聋哑/残障辅助条款(§108-121)等。
5 d2 n5 b% V6 B, tEnglish:
! k! r3 F4 X1 p# T Fair Use (§107): Four factors—(1) purpose and character; (2) nature of the copyrighted work; (3) amount and substantiality; (4) effect upon the potential market.
: L3 J, S; ?! T) s1 u  T& Y First Sale Doctrine (§109): Lawfully made copies can be resold, lent, or gifted, subject to special rules for digital copies.: C3 o6 {  y( f. ?6 J1 W. |; ~, b
Additional carve-outs for education, libraries, and accessibility (§108-121).
. u5 u+ U8 W' `, w1 q$ S===================== 七、数字环境:DMCA 要点9 i6 m2 N* k' H" @- P
中文:6 \: N$ Z7 a2 b1 S* r
“安全港”(Safe Harbor, §512):在线服务提供商在满足通知-取下等流程时,可免于间接侵权。
* ?4 B  X! T7 C1 T5 q' S9 A反规避条款(Anti-Circumvention, §1201):禁止破解有效版权保护措施(TPM)。
/ i) _8 I+ f* J5 w) k8 u8 U2 B. P& I. m“17 U.S.C. §512(f)”:恶意滥用通知可追责(反通知、恢复机制)。" B+ y4 r# c# B7 Q8 x( g2 w
English:" Q) H4 j# C8 L
Safe Harbor (§512): ISPs/OCPs avoid secondary liability if they follow notice-and-takedown procedures.5 R1 N" P( D; T9 D: k
Anti-Circumvention (§1201): Prohibits trafficking in or using technology that circumvents technological protection measures (TPMs).
! ]- j" h1 Z( r9 t2 X' ~§512(f): Misrepresentations in takedown notices are subject to damages.
; d' n7 N6 D4 ]: H; T2 x===================== 八、侵权与救济(Infringement & Remedies)
3 l* g% V9 I+ O中文:+ |" p5 X, S# F, L, E( n
直接、贡献、替代侵权(Direct, Contributory, Vicarious)。* q- {4 q$ U9 X# p
法院可裁定:禁令、实际损害或法定赔偿(750-30,000 美元/件;恶意高达 150,000 美元)、利润返还、律师费、没收侵权物。9 N6 c; O4 ^: r8 M7 x
刑事责任:商业规模侵权可判最高 5 年监禁 + 罚金。
  J4 r# Y/ h3 A1 n' gEnglish:
, X6 h3 L  i5 U Direct, contributory, and vicarious liability recognized.
: U. t- D# \% D0 }$ l Remedies include injunctions, actual damages or statutory damages ($750-$30,000 per work; willful up to $150,000), disgorgement of profits, attorney’s fees, seizure/destruction.% [7 x  c) I2 }* K4 n9 {; L
Criminal liability: commercial-scale infringement may lead to up to 5 years’ imprisonment and fines.
  O0 {" }! k7 ^  _: U5 i===================== 九、国际保护与执法(International Enforcement)
# W, g+ Y1 J1 l. K中文:
1 a- ]/ V% S9 ?& P' \6 S8 f 伯尔尼公约国民待遇 + 自动保护;无需形式要件。. s* d& U4 H# v
美国海关 CBP、ITC 337 调查、海外 DMCA 通知、国际仲裁均为可行路径。
; q  r. U5 ^  u9 M- |English:7 l7 r& p, f0 Y! j: @2 o: a
Berne Convention ensures national treatment and automatic protection.$ S# B7 }5 {+ t
Enforcement avenues include U.S. Customs CBP, Section 337 actions before the ITC, cross-border DMCA notices, and international arbitration.
' C7 a* I( h& j; u# y===================== 十、常见合规误区与实践建议: C  s3 C4 S! {6 z
中文:4 A# S( h" s# l" T7 _
仅“发表”并不等于“注册”;维权前务必先申请登记。
- Z+ j$ [8 i) b" x) N0 v“网上素材标注来源”≠合法授权;需查明许可条款。3 y. x  w$ V5 ~7 \' x
海外社交平台(YouTube、TikTok)须同步使用 Content ID、Rights Manager 等工具。0 g% r" ~& h) u' p
English:& V* f2 O" t3 F9 Z( v6 Q
Publication is not synonymous with registration; file before asserting rights.
. A+ c7 a7 K( m$ \* A2 nMerely “crediting the source” online does not substitute for a license.
7 `% C% c' _6 v5 h  |) dDeploy platform-specific tools such as Content ID or Rights Manager for proactive enforcement.5 t9 ^% T+ i1 f7 |" S
===================== 参考链接 / Reference Links$ P( @" v- B% y
中文:
8 r  O; n: u/ D; o5 M 美国版权局官网:https://copyright.gov/! X# e; x7 L) ]8 x' n
DMCA 原文(Public Law 105-304):https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf* W4 r+ o& }4 @* b9 ]+ a/ l2 M
English:
5 |- ]9 @: ?8 I" m8 F1 ?0 q U.S. Copyright Office: https://copyright.gov/
+ v. m. |7 Z9 b1 {5 \ Full text of the DMCA (Public Law 105-304): https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
8 Q  C) h2 M6 V- A; l) k& [================================ 以上即为美国版权法律框架的中英文对照要点。若需针对特定行业(软件、游戏、音乐流媒体等)或特定情形(全球授权、区块链存证、AI 训练数据)进一步研讨,欢迎再行咨询。
http://www.simu001.cn/x322809x1x1.html
最好的私募社区 | 第一私募论坛 | http://www.simu001.cn

精彩推荐

回复

使用道具 举报

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 立即注册

本版积分规则

QQ|手机版|Archiver| ( 桂ICP备12001440号-3 )|网站地图

GMT+8, 2026-8-31 16:17 , Processed in 3.658164 second(s), 31 queries .

Powered by www.simu001.cn X3.4

Copyright © 2001-2021, Tencent Cloud.

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表