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# U& j. Q% a( a标题(title):International Futures: Building and Using Global Models
8 F" a) r% S, P% u! Y国际期货:建立和使用全球模型( Y7 {% _: s+ v s/ W) u% |
作者(author):Barry Hughes
- g6 g% d& P. x出版社(publisher):Academic Press" F" O7 f+ N$ n3 K4 ?' C
大小(size):13 MB (1#897#42 bytes)7 @+ O: H) Y/ u& e v
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International Futures: Building and Using Global Models extensively covers one of the most advanced systems for integrated, long-term, global and large-scale forecasting analysis available today, the International Futures (IFs) system. Key elements of a strong, long-term global forecasting system are described, i.e. the formulations for the driving variables in separate major models and the manner in which these separate models are integrated. The heavy use of algorithmic and rule-based elements and the use of elements of control theory is also explained. Furthermore, the IFs system is compared and contrasted with all other major modeling efforts, also outlining the major benefits of the IFs system.! R4 N' B# F) ]% N5 v
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. x2 Q/ A4 L3 \Finally, the book provides suggestions on how the development of forecasting systems might most productively proceed in the coming years.( y) K2 a* q, y) a
Table of contents : ( \. p. U) w4 _8 |. U8 c" N
Cover......Page 1
3 L% f5 s8 c& T) {1 i% hINTERNATIONAL7 N7 ^' s# B( q( X
FUTURES
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Building and Using Global Models......Page ##Copyright......Page 4
3 k: h1 O* _/ k' o# G h! MPrologue......Page 5% M- J v1 {0 u4 H% M
Glossary I: Model Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 7
7 I; }" j9 j& f! j4 ~/ _. c& nGlossary II: Modeling-Related Concepts, Tools, and Databases......Page 9/ e( Q4 C1 k( i: x( V
Glossary III: Organizations, Projects, and Teams......Page 111 y q. j5 g6 q/ }
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Introduction......Page 1##What Path Are We On?......Page 14% @" N( }) s' M$ F1 ?
What Leverage Do We Have?......Page 15: |4 x; p8 |3 e. Q* j
How Do We Address Uncertainty?......Page 163 G6 D1 x' r2 X4 }2 Z, V( T
The Plan of the Volume......Page 171 v+ q. |9 A5 F3 W* f; N' I
References......Page 18
5 i: l6 n+ u" g4 eIdentifying Concepts......Page 192 H% d+ D& ^8 n2 a& m
Recognizing Systems......Page 20% u% q' W. h+ P* T5 I, C
Assembling Data......Page 2##Understanding Past and Ongoing Global Transitions......Page 266 k* Z; }, i F( @+ F
Making Fundamental Choices Concerning Model Type......Page 28
* D0 }, P. B( ?5 U* C/ J1 EBuilding Algorithms......Page ##Making Choices at the Equation Level......Page ##Using Statistical Fit as a Guide, Not a Straitjacket......Page ##Considering Both Distal and Proximate Drivers......Page ##Looking for and Understanding Leverage Points......Page ##Using the Model and Exploring Uncertainty......Page ##Exploring Transformative Uncertainty......Page ##Verification, Validation, and Accreditation......Page ##Addressing Errors of Omission and Commission......Page 42. G$ a( h5 n# L7 l6 E$ m! e+ Y
References......Page 4##Foundational Work......Page 455 R5 r* Y( v: n
The First Wave......Page 46 t( N2 ~1 _0 ]0 G! [6 S* w
New Capabilities......Page 47: N" \; j2 r# l2 J* o8 d+ q' \
Integrated Assessment Models......Page 49
4 y" G! h; K& h: o1 ?' D3 ]Comparative Use of IAMs......Page 50: c; H) S. x3 Y
Comparative Assessments of IAM Structures......Page 51
" s+ S V; L+ o' O/ D6 fStatus of and Challenges for Global Model Building and Use......Page 59. G" h! M# n2 j
Coverage and Connections......Page 60
; L. Y, Y4 r5 Q6 t0 g% ~7 a% _, `Transparency and Openness......Page 61' x2 T# ^4 B5 I; s3 \) C; t
Challenges in Model Use: Dealing With Uncertainty......Page 62) M, w( n% ^: M2 m
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)......Page 6##Other Integrative Analytical Initiatives......Page 65
6 U9 c% a5 N% G* K6 P( P0 c% M# N t7 ]0 pReferences......Page 66
- Y, |* J( }% k6 ?. N1 vStructural Overview of IFs......Page 7##Data Analysis......Page 78
7 ^: W: v# y0 w/ vCreation of Scenarios......Page 79
" @# ^6 A" {9 x% E8 t7 NUsers and Uses of IFs......Page 80
& ]$ j- a8 `+ ~8 k3 g: uLooking Ahead......Page 82, m1 B! C* `4 Y0 o5 h, M
References......Page 8##Population......Page 88
1 k2 c. S0 C( _8 IConcepts, Structures, and Data......Page 89* o3 a" D- Y7 G6 g$ q
Demographic Transitions......Page 91" P% I/ o6 a" w% {
Modeling Population, Especially Fertility......Page 9##Population in IFs......Page 966 ?0 J$ M( E, O" m% z" W
Fertility Rate......Page 97
' I, r6 n; }" ^) p+ h( u7 s% XMortality and Migration......Page 100$ K' A+ c, l5 h- u; [. C
Limitations......Page 101
1 {( D& H+ o; X& R# O! TComparative Scenarios......Page 102
9 F! K8 s1 z p, n! \; N- ]- P3 kConcepts, Structures, and Data......Page 104
- ^# j2 {$ H3 |. V' H1 mHealth Transitions......Page 105$ k5 g s# ?( ^6 U
Modeling Health, Especially Mortality......Page 106
7 {% z* T e' E l9 r8 B, N6 R' ~Health in IFs......Page 108
$ q; }9 q9 G" ^9 Q3 wThe Distal Foundation......Page 109
5 \- |! Q. o, K3 QThe Risk Assessment Overlay......Page 112
+ ^1 ~4 j7 Z6 S+ L1 P3 tCombining the Distal and Proximate Risk Drivers......Page 114 ]9 y3 I. \8 L
Other Important Health Variables......Page 1154 Z, X8 A" n$ e$ ?/ q& C) Z- s
Comparative Scenarios......Page 1169 n- `9 n X4 K8 i
Education......Page 117
* h5 U8 @ B" Q" T! b8 [+ j4 oConcepts, Structures, and Data......Page 118% g) l) [% W* R! {
Education Transitions......Page 120# w7 C2 _! b: ^0 I; D& X' u
Modeling Education Progression......Page 122% v; ~0 V4 S; Z6 w! _5 Q/ ~
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